Unit 9 Student-Written Study Guide
(with supplemental material from Mr. Reardon) Minerals -A mineral is a solid with a crystal form. It is natural and nonliving -Crystals make repeating shapes -Minerals are always made of the same elements Mineral properties -Hardness is a mineral’s ability to scratch another mineral -Measured by Mohs scale, invented by Friedrich Mohs -softest is 1, hardest is 10 (diamond) -Fingernail is about a hardness of 2 -Penny is about a hardness of 3.5 -Steel nail is about a hardness of 6 -Luster is how minerals reflect light -Earthy, glassy (vitreous), metallic, waxy, pearly, nonmetallic -The way a mineral breaks is either: -Cleavage -Smooth and straight sides -Fracture -Does not break smoothly -Streak -Good way to identify minerals -Different colors -Minerals of the same type always have the same color streak -Unique properties -Glows under black light (flourite), reacts to vinegar (calcite), magnetic (magnetite), conducts electricity (quartz) Rocks Rocks are natural, nonliving solids made of one or more minerals -classified by how they form 3 rock types: Igneous, Sedimentary, Metamorphic -Any rock can become one of the other types Igneous Rock -forms when magma or lava cools -magma is molten rock under earth’s surface -lava is molten rock on earth’s surface -examples: granite, gabbro, obsidian, basalt, pumice -igneous rock that forms underground cools slowly, and large crystals form -igneous rock that form on the surface cools quickly, does not form large crystals -can have air pockets, be very light Sedimentary Rock - made from sediment that gets cemented together under pressure in time -bottom layers get pressed together by the weight of the layers above it -weathering, erosion, deposition, and cementation -some form through chemical processes -examples: sandstone, shale, conglomerate, limestone -might contain fossils -most common type of rock on Earth’s surface (75%) -can often see layers in it Metamorphic Rock -formed under extreme heat and pressure that changes the composition of another rock -but never enough to melt the rock -example: marble, quartzite -usually found deep in the earth -often banded -found in mountain ranges Rock cycle (study diagram on p. 435!) -continuous process of rocks changing to new forms -can be broken down by water or wind, melted, or squeezed Uses of rock -Construction, art, mining, toothpaste, decoration Comments are closed.
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May 2019
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